A press brake utilizing a mechanical drive consisting of a motor, flywheel, crankshaft, clutch, and eccentric to generate vertical motion.

A shear with its crosshead driven by an eccentric which is engaged by a flywheel-clutch combination.

A process used for piercing tube billets in making seamless tubing. The billet is rotated between two heavy rolls mounted at an angle, and is forced over a fixed mandrel.

The process of quenching an austenitized ferrous alloy in a medium at a temperature in the upper portion of the temperature range of martensite formation, or slightly above that range, and holding in the medium until the temperature through the alloy is substantially uniform. The alloy is then allowed to cool in air through the temperature range of martensite formation.

Subjecting metal to pressure exerted by rolls, dies, presses, or hammers, to change its form or to affect the structure and consequently the mechanical and physical properties.

The ratio of stress to strain; corresponds to slope of elastic portion of stress-strain curve in mechanical testing. The stress is divided by the unit elongation. The tensile or compressive elastic modulus is called "Young's modulus''; the torsional elastic modulus is known as the "shear modulus'' or "modulus of rigidity.''

A graph or curve which shows the motion of a slide relative to the motion of the driving member, such as the rotation of a crank. It may also show slide velocity and/or acceleration. For a multiple-action press, the motion diagram shows the relative motion and position between the slides.