Beating metal sheet into a desired shape either over a form or on a high-speed mechanical hammer, in which the sheet is moved between a small curved hammer and a similar anvil to produce the required dishing or thinning.

Defined in terms of the method of measurement.
(1) Usually the resistance to indentation.
(2) Stiffness or temper of wrought products.

A combination of heating and cooling operations, timed and applied to a metal or alloy in the solid state in a way that will produce desired properties.

A bend of 180 made in two steps: First, a sharp-angle bend is made; next, the bend is closed by means of a flat punch and a die.

Turning up or drawing out a flange or rim around a hole (usually round) in the bottom or side of a shell or in a flat plate. It is essentially the reverse of necking.

A process of cold extrusion in a crank press, employed in making small arms cartridge cases and small thin-walled seamless tubes.

Working operations such as bending and drawing sheet and plate, forging, pressing, and heading, performed on metal heated to a temperature above room temperature.

The simultaneous forming and heating of a compact.

Plastic deformation of metal at such a temperature and rate that strain hardening does not occur. The lower limit of temperature for this process is the recrystallization temperature.

A press brake with the ram actuated directly by hydraulic cylinder.

A shear with its crosshead actuated by hydraulic cylinders.